烟草在线据无烟儿童运动报道编译　　乌拉圭制定了一些世界上最强硬的反对烟草使用的法律。发表在医学杂志《柳叶刀》上的一项新研究显示，乌拉圭致力于控烟的努力，大大降低了该国的吸烟率。

　　自2005年以来，乌拉圭执行了一系列减少烟草使用的强硬措施。这些措施包括实施要求实行无烟工作场所和公共场所的综合法律、禁止烟草广告、促销和赞助（除了在销售点），以及进行几次烟草提税。

　　2010年，乌拉圭采用了世界上最大的图片健康警告标识，这个标识覆盖卷烟烟盒正反面80%的面积。为防止烟草公司利用包装和标识不真实地将卷烟作为减害产品营销，乌拉圭还禁止“淡味”和“低焦油”等欺骗性的卷烟标签，从而成为第一个限制每个卷烟品牌用一个包装设计的国家。

　　为评估这些措施的影响，在《柳叶刀》杂志上发表的研究对乌拉圭的烟草使用发展趋势，与当时尚未执行这种广泛的控烟措施的邻国阿根廷的烟草使用发展趋势进行了对比。结果发现，乌拉圭的进步要大得多。

　　从2005年到2011年，乌拉圭人均卷烟消费下降了4.3%，而阿根廷每年的人均卷烟消费则增长了0.6%。

　　从2005年到2011年，乌拉圭的成年人吸烟率每年下降3.3%，相比之下，阿根廷的成年人吸烟率每年下降1.7%。

　　从2003年到2009年，乌拉圭13岁、15岁和17岁的学生中烟草使用率每年降低8%，而相比之下，从2001年到2009年，阿根廷的学生的烟草使用率每年下降2.5%。

　　这项研究得出结论：“乌拉圭的综合烟草控制行动与烟草使用出现史无前例的重大减少是有关联的。与乌拉圭烟草使用出现重大减少一样，其他中低收入国家烟草使用的减少，将对与烟草有关疾病未来给全球带来的负担产生重大影响。”

　　鉴于乌拉圭取得的成功，菲莫国际公司就乌拉圭的警告标签和包装限制提出诉讼也不足为奇。菲莫国际公司正试图威吓乌拉圭做出让步，从而阻止其他国家效仿乌拉圭的做法。其他国家支持乌拉圭保护国民健康的权利，开始颁行强硬措施，以减少烟草使用，这十分重要。

　　乌拉圭指出了对抗烟草流行病的道路，吸烟的流行本世纪或许会在全球夺走10亿人的生命。

Study: Uruguay's Strong Policies Produced Unprecedented Smoking Declines

　　Uruguay has some of the world's strongest laws to fight tobacco use, and a new study published in The Lancet medical journal shows the natio's efforts have dramatically reduced smoking.

　　Since 2005, Uruguay has implemented a series of strong measures to reduce tobacco use. These include a comprehensive law requiring smoke-free workplaces and public places, a ban on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorships (except at the point of sale), and several tobacco tax increases.

　　In 2010, Uruguay implemented the world's largest graphic warning labels, which cover 80 percent of the front and back of cigarette packs. To prevent tobacco companies from using packaging and labeling to falsely market some cigarettes as less harmful, Uruguay also banned deceptive cigarette labels such as "light" and "low-tar" and became the first country to limit each cigarette brand to one pack design.

　　To assess the impact of these measures, the Lancet study compared trends in tobacco use in Uruguay to those in neighboring Argentina, which at the time had not implemented such extensive tobacco control measures.　It found far greater progress in Uruguay:

　　·From 2005 to 2011, per-person consumption of cigarettes decreased by 4.3 percent per year in Uruguay, while increasing by 0.6 percent per year in Argentina.

　　·From 2005 to 2011, the adult smoking rate in Uruguay fell by 3.3 percent a year, compared to a 1.7 percent annual decrease in Argentina.

　　·From 2003 to 2009, rates of tobacco use among Uruguayan students aged 13, 15 and 17 decreased by 8 percent a year, compared to a decrease of 2.5 percent annually among Argentinean students from 2001 to 2009.

　　The study's conclusion: "Uruguay's comprehensive tobacco-control campaign has been associated with a substantial, unprecedented decrease in tobacco use.　Decreases in tobacco use in other low-income and middle-income countries of the magnitude seen in Uruguay would have a substantial effect on the future global burden of tobacco-related diseases."

　　Given Uruguay's success, it isn't surprising that Philip Morris International (PMI) has filed a legal challenge to the country's warning labels and packaging restrictions. The tobacco giant is seeking to bully Uruguay into backing down and discourage other countries from following its lead. It's critical that other countries support Uruguay's right to protect the health of its citizens and join in enacting strong measures to reduce tobacco use.

　　Uruguay is pointing the way to combating a tobacco epidemic that will otherwise kill one billion people worldwide this century. Enditem